Spanish+Civil+War

= **Effects and Results of the Spanish Civil War - International:** =



**Spanish Civil War - Fact Sheet**


 * Niceto Alcala-Zamora** took part in the successful revolution that led to Alfonso XIII leaving the country. He became the first president of the new Spanish Republic and was in power from December 11, 1931 to April 7, 1936. Alcalá Zamora moved to France after being ousted as president and replaced by Azana. Alcalá Zamora died in1949.

**King Alfonso XIII** was the king of Spain from 17 May 1886 to 14 April 1931. When the Spanish Civil War broke out Alfonso made it clear he favored the military uprising against the Popular Front government. However, in September 1936, General Francisco Franco announced that the Nationalists would never accept Alfonso as king. Alfonso XIII died in Rome, on the 28th February, 1941. In 1969 Franco announced that when he died he wanted Juan Carlos I (Alfonso’s grandson) to take power. **Manuel Azana** was the first president of the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1933). He served again as Prime Minister in 1936 and was the President of the Republic from 1936 to 1939. In 1939, the Republic was defeated by the nationalist forces. Azana fled to France and died in exile.

**José Castillo** was a lieutenant in the Assault Guards. He was also an active member of the Socialist Party. On 12th July 1936 a Falangist gang shot and killed Castillo as he left his home in Madrid. The following day a group of Castillo's friends took revenge by murdering Sotelo.
 * Manuel Fal Conde:** was the political leader of the Carlist movement in Spain in the early 1930s and during the Spanish Civil War.

**Francisco Franco** was a general in the Spanish Army and later became a key figure in the Spanish Nationalist movement. In February 1936 Franco joined other Spanish Army officers, such as Emilio Mola, Juan Yague, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano and Jose Sanjuro, in talking about overthrowing the Popular Front government. By the end of September 1936, the nine other generals involved in the military uprising came to the conclusion that Franco should become commander of the Nationalist Army. He was also appointed chief of state. General Emilio Mola (the former leader) agreed to serve under him and was placed in charge of the Army of the North. Franco was dictator of Spain from 1 April 1939 to 20 November 1975. **Alejandro Lerroux** was a Spanish Politician who was the leader of the Radical Republican Party during the Second Spanish Republic. He served as Prime Minister of Spain three times from 1933 to 1935 and held several cabinet posts as well. **Queipo de Llano** was a member of the nationalist army and one of the chief conspirators in the military uprising that lead to the Spanish Civil War. He had originally been a supporter of the Popular Front but disagreed with many of Azana policies and therefore he joined the nationalist movement. He became a popular leader in the nationalist army after he, with only 200 men, successfully took control of Seville. On 17th January 1937, General Queipo de Llano and the Nationalist Army launched an attack on Malaga. It eventually fell to the Nationalists on 8th February. Over the next few weeks an estimated 4,000 supporters of the Popular Front government were executed. He also distributed the lands of these people to supporters to the Nationalists. At the end of the Spanish Civil War he was promoted to lieutenant general and General Francisco Franco sent him as head of the Spanish Mission to Italy. Gonzalo Queipo de Llano died at his country estate near Seville on 9th March, 1951. **Emilio Mola** was a member of the nationalist army and one of the chief conspirators in the military uprising that lead to the Spanish Civil War. Mola was the leader of this group at the beginning of the war. In September 1936, the other generals agreed that Franco should replace Mola as leader of the nationalist movement. Emilio Mola was killed on 3rd June 1937 when his plane crashed during bad weather. As General José Sanjurjo had been killed in a similar accident on 20th July 1936, rumors began to circulate that General Francisco Franco was responsible for the deaths of his two fellow leaders. However, no evidence has ever been found.
 * Juan Negrin ** was a Spanish politician and doctor who supported the Popular Front. In September 1936, Francisco Largo Caballero appointed him minister of finance. During the Spanish Civil War Negrin took the controversial decision to transfer the Spanish gold reserves to the Soviet Union in return for arms to continue the war. Worth $500 million at the time, critics argued that this action put the Republican government under the control of Joseph Stalin. In April 1938 Negrin also took over the Ministry of Defence. After the nationalists took power, Negrin fled to France where he attempted to maintain a government in exile. He died in France in 1956.


 * Miguel Primo de Rivera ** Was ‘dictator’ of Spain from 15 September 1923 – 28 January 1930. With the support of Alfonso XIII and the army Primo de Rivera led a military coup in September 1923. He promised to eliminate corruption and to regenerate Spain. In order to do this he suspended the constitution, established martial law and imposed a strict system of censorship. Primo de Rivera initially said he would rule for only 90 days, however, he broke this promise and remained in power. Primo de Rivera’s social and economic policies caused rapid inflation and, after losing support of the army, he was forced to resign in January 1930. He died of diabetes in March of the same year.


 * Antonio de Oliveira Salazar** served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He also served as acting President of the Republic briefly in 1951. He founded and led the Estado Novo (New State), the authoritarian, right-wing government that presided over and controlled Portugal from 1932 to 1974. Salazar supported the nationalists and let them cross the Portuguese border during the civil war (the republican army was denied access).


 * General José Sanjurjo ** was a member of the nationalist army and one of the chief conspirators in the military uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War. He died on the 20th of July 1936, during the military coup, after being in a plane crash.


 * Jose Calvo Sotelo** was Spain’s finance minister under Primo de Rivera. He was exiled when de Rivera fell from power, but was able to return to Spain in 1934, where he became an active member of the fascist Falange. On 12th July, 1936, José Castillo (a lieutenant in the Assault Guards and an active member of the Socialist Party) was murdered by a Falangist gang in Madrid. The following day a group of Castillo's friends took revenge by murdering Jose Calvo Sotelo. This event resulted in a military uprising led by Emilio Mola, Francisco Franco and José Sanjurjo and heralded the start of the Spanish Civil War.