A.2+Paper+2+Guide

Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes Weighting: 25%
 * __Paper 2__ **

Students should study two topics from route 2. The paper consists of five sections, each covering one topic. There are six extended-response questions on each topic.

The structure of each section is: Of these: • at least **one** question will be set that demands material from two regions in route 2. This will be indicated either by named examples or by demanding two unnamed examples • any **one** of the questions may be a comparative question or based on a quotation
 * • three questions on named people, themes, topics or events that are listed in the syllabus **
 * • two open-ended questions **
 * • at least one question addressing social, economic or gender issues (in some topics the majority of questions may fall into this category). **

For this paper we study:

**Topic 1: Causes, practices and effects of wars**
War was a major feature of the 20th century. In this topic the different types of war should be identified, and the causes, practices and effects of these conflicts should be studied.

**Different types and nature of 20th century warfare**
<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Civil <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Guerrilla  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Limited war, total war  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Origins and causes of wars**    • Long-term, short-term and immediate causes  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Economic, ideological, political, religious causes  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Nature of 20th century wars**  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> • Technological developments, tactics and strategies, air, land and sea  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Home front: economic and social impact (including changes in the role and status of women)  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Resistance and revolutionary movements  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Effects and results of wars**    • Peace settlements and wars ending without peace treaties  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Attempts at collective security pre- and post-Second World War  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Political repercussions and territorial changes  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Post-war economic problems  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Material for detailed study**  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• First World War (1914-8)  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Second World War (1939-45)  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Africa: Algerian War (1954-62), Nigerian Civil War (1967-70)  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Americas: Falklands/Malvinas war (1982), Nicaraguan Revolution (1976-9)  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Asia and Oceania: Indo-Pakistan wars (1947-9, 1965, 1971) Chinese Civil War (1927-37 and 1946-9)  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Europe and Middle East: Spanish Civil War (1936-9), Iran-Iraq war (1980-88), Gulf War (1991)

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Topic 3: Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states**
The 20th century produced many authoritarian and single-party states. The origins, ideology, form of government, organization, nature and impact of these regimes should be studied.

**Origins and nature of authoritarian and single-party states**
• Conditions that produced authoritarian and single-party states  • Emergence of leaders: aims, ideology, support   • Totalitarianism: the aim and the extent to which it was achieved   **Establishment of authoritarian and single party states**   • Methods: force, legal   • Form of government, (left- and right-wing) ideology   • Nature, extent and treatment of opposition   **Domestic policies and impact**    • Structure and organisation of government and administration   • Political, economic, social and religious policies   • Role of education, the arts, the media, propaganda   • Status of women, treatment of religious groups and minorities   **Material for detailed study**   • Africa: Kenya—Kenyatta; Tanzania—Nyerere   • Americas: Argentina—Perón; Cuba—Castro   • Asia and Oceania: China—Mao; Indonesia—Sukarno   • Europe and the Middle East: Germany—Hitler; USSR—Stalin; Egypt—Nasser

** Topic 5: The Cold War **
This topic addresses East–West relations from 1945. It aims to promote an international perspective and understanding of the origins, course and effects of the Cold War—a conflict that dominated global affairs from the end of the Second World War to the early 1990s. It includes superpower rivalry and events in all areas affected by Cold War politics such as spheres of interest, wars (proxy), alliances and interference in developing countries.

**Major themes**
** Origins of the Cold War ** • <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ideological differences   <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Mutual suspicion and fear  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• From wartime allies to post-war enemies  **<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nature of the Cold War ** <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Ideological opposition  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Superpowers and spheres of influence  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Alliances and diplomacy in the Cold War  **<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Development and impact of the Cold War ** <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Global spread of the Cold War from its European origins  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Cold War policies of containment, brinkmanship, peaceful coexistence, détente  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Role of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Role and significance of leaders  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Arms race, proliferation and limitation  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Social, cultural and economic impact  **<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">End of the Cold War ** <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Break-up of Soviet Union: internal problems and external pressures  <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Breakdown of Soviet control over Central and Eastern Europe   **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Material for detailed study **  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Wartime conferences: Yalta and Potsdam  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• US policies and developments in Europe: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Soviet policies, Sovietization of Eastern and Central Europe, COMECON, Warsaw Pact  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Sino–Soviet relations  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• US–Chinese relations  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Germany (especially Berlin (1945‑61)), Congo (1960‑64), Afghanistan (1979‑88), Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, Middle East  <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #540dd3; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• Castro, Gorbachev, Kennedy, Mao, Reagan, Stalin, Truman

Students must answer two questions, each selected from a different topic. The maximum mark for this paper is 40. The paper is marked using generic markbands and a paper-specific analytic markscheme.